Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

is taken as

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

is taken as

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

Syntax

−a  (no rate restriction)

a − b  (no rate restriction)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

Arguments

The arguments of − can be scalar values or k-rate one dimensional arrays (vectors), or any combination. If one of the arguments is an array, so is the value.

Examples

Here is an example of the - operator. Play subtracts.csd

<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
; Audio out   Audio in    No messages
-odac    ;;;realtime audio I/O
; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:
; -o -.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>

sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs  = 1

instr 1

idur = p3
iatt = p4
idec = p5
isus = p3-iatt-idec				;calculate sustain time from subtracting attack and decay
printf_i "sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> %.1f-%.1f-%.1f = %.1f\n", 1, idur, iatt, idec, isus

kenv expseg 0.01, iatt, 1, isus, 1, idec, 0.01	;envelope
asig poscil 1*kenv, 200, 1
     outs asig, asig

endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
f 1 0 4096 10 1	;sine wave
;      attack decay
i 1 0 3 .1     .2
i 1 4 3 .5    1.5
i 1 8 5  4     .5

e
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>

Its output should include lines like these:

sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 3.0-0.1-0.2 = 2.7
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 3.0-0.5-1.5 = 1.0
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 5.0-4.0-0.5 = 0.5

See Also

+, &&, ||, *, /, ˆ, %

Credits

Arithmetic on vectors is new in version 6.00